Information and studies on acid-base balance in medicine and research.

Studies

Nutrition

  • Adeva, M. and Souto, G. 2011. Diet-induced metabolic acidosis. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 30, 4 (2011), 416–21. Abstract
  • Berkemeyer,  S and Remer,  T 2006. Anthropometrics provide a better estimate of urinary organic acid anion excretion than a dietary mineral intake-based estimate in children, adolescents, and young  …. The Journal of nutrition. (2006). Abstract
  • Demigne, C. et al. 2008. Contribution of Various Dietary Constituents to the Acid Base Status: Interest of Animal Models of Latent Metabolic Acidosis. The Open Nutrition Journal. 2, 1 (2008), 1–4. Abstract Original Article
  • Demigné, C. et al. 2004. Organic anions and potassium salts in nutrition and metabolism. Nutrition research reviews. 17, 2 (2004), 249–58. Abstract
  • Deriemaeker, P. et al. 2010. Nutrient Based Estimation of Acid-Base Balance in Vegetarians and Non-vegetarians. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 65, 1 (2010), 77–82. Abstract
  • Fenton, T. and Lyon, A. 2011. Milk and acid-base balance: proposed hypothesis versus scientific evidence. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 30, 5 Suppl 1 (2011), 471S–5S. Abstract
  • Hietavala, E.-M. et al. 2015. Effect of diet composition on acid–base balance in adolescents, young adults and elderly at rest and during exercise. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 69, 3 (2015), 399–404. Abstract
  • Ince, A. et al. 2004. Lowering dietary protein to U.S. Recommended dietary allowance levels reduces urinary calcium excretion and bone resorption in young women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 89, 8 (2004), 3801–7. Abstract
  • König, D. et al. 2009. Effect of a supplement rich in alkaline minerals on acid-base balance in humans. Nutrition Journal. 8, 1 (2009), 23. Abstract
  • Morris et al. 1999. Differing effects of supplemental KCl and KHCO3: pathophysiological and clinical implications. Seminars in nephrology. 19, 5 (1999), 487–93. Abstract
  • Moseley, K. et al. 2013. Potassium citrate supplementation results in sustained improvement in calcium balance in older men and women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 28, 3 (2013), 497–504. Abstract
  • Remer, T. et al. 2003. Dietary potential renal acid load and renal net acid excretion in healthy, free-living children and adolescents. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 77, 5 (May 2003), 1255–60. Abstract
  • Remer et al. 2006. Muscularity and adiposity in addition to net acid excretion as predictors of 24-h urinary pH in young adults and elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61, 5 (2006), 605–609. Abstract
  • Remer, T. et al. 2008. Acid Base Considerations in Stone-Age Farming Sweet Potato Eaters, Modern-Day Sweet Potato Eaters, and High-Protein Consumers. The Open Nutrition Journal. 2, 1 (2008), 23–28. Abstract
  • Rylander, R. et al. 2006. Acid-base status affects renal magnesium losses in healthy, elderly persons. The Journal of nutrition. 136, 9 (Sep. 2006), 2374–7. Abstract
  • Schwalfenberg, G. 2011. The Alkaline Diet: Is There Evidence That an Alkaline pH Diet Benefits Health? Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2012, (2011). Abstract
  • Sebastian, A. et al. 2002. Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural Homo sapiens and their hominid ancestors. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 76, 6 (Dec. 2002), 1308–16. Abstract
  • Whiting, S. and Muirhead, J. 2005. Measurement of net acid excretion by use of paper strips. Nutrition. 21, 9 (2005), 961–963. Abstract

Cardiovascular cardiology

  • Akter, S. et al. 2015. High dietary acid load is associated with increased prevalence of hypertension: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Nutrition. 31, 2 (2015), 298303. Abstract
  • Engberink, M. et al. 2012. Dietary acid load and risk of hypertension: the Rotterdam Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 95, 6 (2012), 1438–44. Abstract
  • Krupp, D. et al. 2013. 11β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and dietary acid load are independently associated with blood pressure in healthy children and adolescents. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 97, 3 (Mar. 2013), 612–20. Abstract
  • Maurer, M. et al. 2002. Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 284, 1 (2002), F32–40. Abstract
  • Zhang, L. et al. 2009. Diet-Dependent Net Acid Load and Risk of Incident Hypertension in United States Women. Hypertension. 54, 4 (2009), 751–755. Abstract

Bones

  • Ahn, H. et al. 2012. Extracellular acidosis accelerates bone resorption by enhancing osteoclast survival, adhesion, and migration. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 418, 1 (Feb. 2012), 144–8. Abstract
  • Arnett, T. 2010. Acidosis, hypoxia and bone. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 503, 1 (2010), 103–109. Abstract
  • Bushinsky,  DA and Frick,  KK 2000. The effects of acid on bone. Current opinion in nephrology and  …. (2000). Abstract
  • Cao et al. 2011. A Diet High in Meat Protein and Potential Renal Acid Load Increases Fractional Calcium Absorption and Urinary Calcium Excretion without Affecting Markers of Bone Resorption or Formation in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Nutrition. 141, 3 (2011), 391397. Abstract
  • Carter et al. 2006. The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on bone turnover. Osteoporosis International. 17, 9 (2006), 1398–1403. Abstract
  • Caudarella, R. et al. 2003. Citrate and mineral metabolism: kidney stones and bone disease. Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library. 8, 1-3 (2003), s1084–106. Abstract
  • Darling et al. 2009. Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 90, 6 (2009) Abstract Original Article
  • Day, R. et al. 2010. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the short term effects of a spring water supplemented with magnesium bicarbonate on acid/base balance, bone metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. BMC Research Notes. 3, 1 (2010), 180. Abstract
  • Fenton, T. et al. 2009. Phosphate decreases urine calcium and increases calcium balance: a meta-analysis of the osteoporosis acid-ash diet hypothesis. Nutrition journal. 8, 1 (2009), 41. Abstract
  • Fenton, T. et al. 2010. Low urine pH and acid excretion do not predict bone fractures or the loss of bone mineral density: a prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 11, 1 (2010), 1–8. Abstract
  • Fenton, T.R. et al. 2011. Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: a systematic review & meta-analysis applying Hill’s epidemiologic criteria for causality. Nutrition journal. 10, (Apr. 2011), 41. Abstract
  • Fenton, T.R. et al. 2008. Meta-analysis of the quantity of calcium excretion associated with the net acid excretion of the modern diet under the acid-ash diet hypothesis. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 88, 4 (Oct. 2008), 1159–66. Abstract
  • Fenton, T.R. and Lyon, A.W. 2011. Milk and acid-base balance: proposed hypothesis versus scientific evidence. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 30, 5 Suppl 1 (Oct. 2011), 471S–5S. Abstract
  • Frassetto et al. 2000. Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. 55, 10 (2000), M585–92. Abstract
  • Frick, K. et al. 2005. RANK ligand and TNF-α mediate acid-induced bone calcium efflux in vitro. American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology. 289, 5 (2005), F1005–F1011. Abstract
  • Hanley, D. and Whiting, S. 2013. Does a High Dietary Acid Content Cause Bone Loss, and Can Bone Loss Be Prevented With an Alkaline Diet? Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 16, 4 (2013), 420–425. Abstract
  • Jajoo, R. et al. 2006. Dietary Acid-Base Balance, Bone Resorption, and Calcium Excretion. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 25, 3 (2006), 224230. Abstract
  • Jehle, S. et al. 2012. Effect of potassium citrate on bone density, microarchitecture, and fracture risk in healthy older adults without osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 98, 1 (2012), 207–17. Abstract
  • Karp, H. et al. 2009. Acute effects of calcium carbonate, calcium citrate and potassium citrate on markers of calcium and bone metabolism in young women. The British journal of nutrition. (2009). Abstract
  • Kerstetter, J. 2009. Dietary protein and bone: a new approach to an old question. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 90, 6 (2009), 1451–2. Abstract
  • Lambert et al. 2015. The effect of supplementation with alkaline potassium salts on bone metabolism: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International. 26, 4 (2015), 1311–1318. Abstract
  • Lanham-New,  SA 2006. Fruit and vegetables: the unexpected natural answer to the question of osteoporosis prevention? The American journal of clinical nutrition. (2006) Original Article
  • Lanham-New,  SA 2008. The balance of bone health: tipping the scales in favor of potassium-rich, bicarbonate-rich foods. The Journal of nutrition. (2008) Abstract
  • Lemann, J. et al. 1966. The effects of chronic acid loads in normal man: further evidence for the participation of bone mineral in the defense against chronic metabolic acidosis. Journal of Clinical  …. (1966). Original Article
  • Lemann, J. et al. 2003. Bone buffering of acid and base in humans. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 285, 5 (2003), F811–32. Abstract
  • Lutz,  J 1984. Calcium balance and acid-base status of women as affected by increased protein intake and by sodium bicarbonate ingestion. The American journal of clinical nutrition. (1984). Abstract
  • New,  SA et al. 2004. Lower estimates of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production are positively associated with indexes of bone health in premenopausal and perimenopausal  …. The American journal  …. (2004). Abstract
  • Prynne et al. 2004. Dietary acid–base balance and intake of bone-related nutrients in Cambridge teenagers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 58, 11 (2004), 1462–1471. Abstract
  • Remer et al. 2011. Long-Term High Urinary Potential Renal Acid Load and Low Nitrogen Excretion Predict Reduced Diaphyseal Bone Mass and Bone Size in Children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 96, 9 (2011), 28612868. Abstract
  • Sellmeyer, D. et al. 2002. Potassium citrate prevents increased urine calcium excretion and bone resorption induced by a high sodium chloride diet. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 87, 5 (2002), 2008–12. Abstract
  • Tucker 2014. Vegetarian diets and bone status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 100, Supplement_1 (2014), 329S335S. Abstract
  • Tucker,  KL et al. 2006. Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. The American journal  …. (2006). Abstract
  • Wynn,  E et al. 2008. Low estimates of dietary acid load are positively associated with bone ultrasound Abstract
  • Tylavsky,  FA et al. 2008. The importance of calcium, potassium, and acid-base homeostasis in bone health and osteoporosis prevention. The Journal of nutrition. (2008). Original Article
  • Wynn E et al. 2008 Low estimates of dietary acid load are positively associated with bone ultrasound in women older than 75 years of age with a lifetime fracture. J Nutr. 2008 Jul;138(7):1349-54. Original Article

Nephrology

  • Chen, W. and Abramowitz, M. 2014. Metabolic acidosis and the progression of chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrology. 15, 1 (2014), 55. Abstract Original Article
  • Frassetto,  LA and Morris,  RC 1996. Effect of age on blood acid-base composition in adult humans: role of age-related renal functional decline. …  of Physiology-Renal  …. (1996). Abstract
  • Goraya, N. et al. 2011. Dietary acid reduction with fruits and vegetables or bicarbonate attenuates kidney injury in patients with a moderately reduced glomerular filtration rate due to hypertensive nephropathy. Kidney International. 81, 1 (2011), 86–93. Abstract Original Article
  • Halperin, M. et al. 2006. Physiology of acid-base balance: links with kidney stone prevention. Seminars in nephrology. 26, 6 (2006), 441–6. Abstract
  • Hamm, L. 1990. Renal handling of citrate. Kidney International. (1990). Original Article
  • Kanbara, A. et al. 2010. Urine alkalization facilitates uric acid excretion. Nutrition Journal. 9, 1 (2010), 45. Abstract Original Article
  • Kenny, J.-E. and Goldfarb, D. 2010. Update on the Pathophysiology and Management of Uric Acid Renal Stones. Current Rheumatology Reports. 12, 2 (2010), 125–129. Abstract
  • Messa et al. 2001. Derangement of acid-base balance in uremia and under hemodialysis. Journal of nephrology. 14 Suppl 4, (2001), S12–21. Abstract
  • Oster et al. 1988. Comparison of the effects of sodium bicarbonate versus sodium citrate on renal acid excretion. Mineral and electrolyte metabolism. 14, 2-3 (1988), 97–102. Abstract
  • Rebholz, C.M. et al. 2016. Dietary Acid Load and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the ARIC Study. American Journal of Nephrology. 42, 6 (2016), 427–435. Abstract
  • Saito, J. et al. 2013. Alkalizer Administration Improves Renal Function in Hyperuricemia Associated with Obesity. Japanese Clinical Medicine. 4, (2013), 1–6. Abstract Original Article
  • Saito, J. et al. 2010. The Alkalizer Citrate Reduces Serum Uric Acid Levels and Improves Renal Function in Hyperuricemic Patients Treated with the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor Allopurinol. Endocrine Research. 35, 4 (2010). Abstract
  • Scialla, J. and Anderson, C. 2013. Dietary Acid Load: A Novel Nutritional Target in Chronic Kidney Disease? Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 20, 2 (2013), 141149. Abstract
  • Susantitaphong et al. 2012. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Alkali Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Nephrology. 35, 6 (2012), 540–547. Abstract

Neurology

  • Humpel, C. 2011. Chronic mild cerebrovascular dysfunction as a cause for Alzheimer’s disease? Experimental gerontology. 46, 4 (Apr. 2011), 225–32. Abstract
  • Jones, D.E. et al. 2012. Loss of capacity to recover from acidosis on repeat exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome: a case-control study. European journal of clinical investigation. 42, 2 (Feb. 2012), 186–94. Abstract
  • Xiong, Z.-G. et al. 2008. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) as pharmacological targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 8, 1 (2008), 25–32. Abstract
  • Zha, X. 2013. Acid-sensing ion channels: trafficking and synaptic function. Molecular brain. 6, 1 (2013), 1. Abstract

Reviews

  • Carnauba, R. et al. 2017. Diet-Induced Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis and Clinical Outcomes: A Review. Nutrients. 9, 6 (2017), 538. Abstract
  • Darling et al. 2009. Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 90, 6 (2009), 16741692. Abstract
  • Fenton, T. et al. 2011. Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: a systematic review & meta-analysis applying Hill’s epidemiologic criteria for causality. Nutrition Journal. 10, 1 (2011), 41. Abstract
  • Oh 2000. New perspectives on acid-base balance. Seminars in dialysis. 13, 4 (2000), 212–9. Abstract
  • Pizzorno, J. et al. 2009. Diet-induced acidosis: is it real and clinically relevant? The British journal of nutrition. 103, 8 (2009), 1185–94. Abstract
  • Seifter, J.L. and Chang, H.-Y. 2016. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance: New Perspectives. Kidney Diseases. 0, 0 (2016), 170–186. Abstract

Pain and joints

  • Cseuz et al. Alkaline Mineral Supplementation Decreases Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Pilot Study. The Open Nutrition Journal, 2008, 2: 100-105 Abstract
  • Farr, M. et al. 1985. Significance of the hydrogen ion concentration in synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 3, 2 (Jan. 1985), 99–104. Abstract
  • Ugawa, S. et al. 2002. Amiloride-blockable acid-sensing ion channels are leading acid sensors expressed in human nociceptors. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 110, 8 (2002), 1185–1190. Abstract
  • Vormann, J. et al. 2001. Supplementation with alkaline minerals reduces symptoms in patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 15, 2-3 (2001), 179–183. Abstract

Sport

  • Aerenhouts, D. et al. 2011. Dietary Acid-Base Balance in Adolescent Sprint Athletes: A Follow-up Study. Nutrients. 3, 2 (2011), 200–211. Abstract Original Article
  • Carr,  AJ et al. 2011. Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance. Sports medicine. (2011). Abstract
  • Jastrzębski et al. 2015. Changes in the acid-base balance and lactate concentration in the blood in amateur ultramarathon runners during a 100-km run. Biology of Sport. 32, 3 (2015), 261–265. Abstract
  • Junior, A. et al. 2015. Nutritional Strategies to Modulate Intracellular and Extracellular Buffering Capacity During High-Intensity Exercise. Sports Medicine. 45, S1 (2015), 71–81. Abstract
  • Robergs, R. et al. 2004. Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 287, 3 (2004), R502–16. Abstract
  • Mollnhauer, Werner  2012. Citratsupplementierung bei Sehnenansatzreizungen. medicalsports network. (2012). Original Article
  • Street, D. et al. 2005. Metabolic alkalosis reduces exercise-induced acidosis and potassium accumulation in human skeletal muscle interstitium. The Journal of physiology. 566, Pt 2 (2005), 481–9. Abstract
  • Wiecek,  M et al. 2015. Changes in oxidative stress and acid-base balance in men and women following maximal-intensity physical exercise. Physiological  …. (2015). Abstract

Metabolism

  • Akter, S. et al. 2015. High dietary acid load is associated with insulin resistance: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Clinical Nutrition. (2015). Abstract
  • Buehlmeier, J. et al. 2015. Glucocorticoid activity and metabolism with NaCl-induced low-grade metabolic acidosis and oral alkalization: results of two randomized controlled trials. Endocrine. 52, 1 (2015), 139–47. Abstract
  • Conen, K. et al. 2016. Effects of potassium citrate or potassium chloride in patients with combined glucose intolerance: A placebo-controlled pilot study. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 30, 6 (2016), 1158–1161. Abstract
  • Esche, J. et al. 2016. Higher diet-dependent renal acid load associates with higher glucocorticoid secretion and potentially bioactive free glucocorticoids in healthy children. Kidney International. 90, 2 (2016), 325–333. Abstract
  • Fagherazzi, G. et al. 2013. Dietary acid load and risk of type 2 diabetes: the E3N-EPIC cohort study. Diabetologia. (2013). Abstract Original Article
  • Iwase, H. et al. 2015. Lower vegetable protein intake and higher dietary acid load associated with lower carbohydrate intake are risk factors for metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes: Post-hoc analysis of a cross-sectional study. Journal of diabetes investigation. 6, 4 (Jul. 2015), 465–72. Abstract Original Article
  • Kiefte-de Jong al. 2016. Diet-dependent acid load and type 2 diabetes: pooled results from three prospective cohort studies. Diabetologia. 60, 2 (Feb. 2016), 270–279. Abstract Original Article
  • Kim, H. et al. 2011. Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 8, 1 (2011), 10. Abstract Original Article
  • Krupp, D. et al. 2014. Longitudinal relationships between diet-dependent renal acid load and blood pressure development in healthy children. Kidney international. 85, 1 (Jan. 2014), 204–10. Abstract
  • Libuda et al. 2008. Association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and variables of bone modeling and remodeling in a sample of healthy German children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 88, 6 (2008), 16701677. Abstract
  • McCarty, M.F. 2005. Acid-base balance may influence risk for insulin resistance syndrome by modulating cortisol output. Medical hypotheses. 64, 2 (Jan. 2005), 380–4. Abstract
  • Murakami, K. et al. 2008. Association between dietary acid–base load and cardiometabolic risk factors in young Japanese women. British Journal of Nutrition. (2008). Abstract
  • Otsuki, M. et al. 2011. Association of urine acidification with visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Journal. 58, 5 (2011), 363–367. Abstract Original Article
  • Schafer, F. and Buettner, G. 2000. Acidic pH amplifies iron-mediated lipid peroxidation in cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 28, 8 (2000), 1175–1181. Abstract
  • Souto, G. et al. 2011. Metabolic acidosis-induced insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders. 9, 4 (2011), 247–53. Abstract Original Article
  • Wiederkehr and Krapf 2001. Metabolic and endocrine effects of metabolic acidosis in humans. Swiss medical weekly. 131, 9-10 (2001), 127–32. Abstract
  • Williams, R. et al. 2016. The role of dietary acid load and mild metabolic acidosis in insulin resistance in humans. Biochimie. 124, (2016), 171–177. Abstract

Various

  • Funk, G. ‐C. et al. 2004. Changes of serum chloride and metabolic acid‐base state in critical illness. Anaesthesia. 59, 11 (2004), 1111–1115. Abstract
  • McCarty,  MF and Whitaker,  J 2010. Manipulating tumor acidification as a cancer treatment strategy. Altern Med Rev. (2010). Abstract Original Article
  • Melamed, P. and Melamed, F. 2014. Chronic metabolic acidosis destroys pancreas. JOP : Journal of the pancreas. 15, 6 (2014), 552–60. Abstract
  • Robey, I. 2012. Examining the relationship between diet-induced acidosis and cancer. Nutrition & Metabolism. 9, 1 (2012), 72. Abstract Original Article